Waterbucks are large antelopes that belong to the genus Kobus and are native to sub-Saharan Africa. They are known for their aquatic habits and are often found near bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, and swamps. In this comprehensive response, we will explore various aspects of waterbucks including their physical characteristics, habitat, behavior, diet, reproduction, and conservation status.
Physical Characteristics:
Waterbucks are among the largest antelope species, with males typically weighing between 400 and 600 kilograms (880 to 1,320 pounds) and standing around 130 to 140 centimeters (51 to 55 inches) tall at the shoulder. Females are slightly smaller than males. They have a robust build with a shaggy grayish-brown coat that becomes darker with age. The most distinctive feature of waterbucks is the white ring or target-shaped markings on their rump, which vary in size and shape among individuals. Both males and females have long, forward-curving horns that can reach lengths of up to 99 centimeters (39 inches) in males.
Habitat:
Waterbucks inhabit a range of habitats across sub-Saharan Africa, including grasslands, savannas, floodplains, marshes, and woodland areas. They have a strong affinity for water and are commonly found near permanent sources such as rivers, lakes, and swamps. These habitats provide them with both food resources and protection from predators.
Behavior:
Waterbucks are primarily diurnal animals, meaning they are most active during daylight hours. They are known for their strong herding instincts and can form groups ranging from small family units to larger aggregations of several dozen individuals. These herds usually consist of females and their offspring, while adult males tend to be solitary or form bachelor groups outside the breeding season.
When threatened or alarmed, waterbucks emit a loud barking sound as a warning to other members of the herd. They are also excellent swimmers and can take refuge in water bodies when pursued by predators such as lions, leopards, hyenas, or wild dogs.
Diet:
Waterbucks are primarily grazers, feeding on a variety of grasses and sedges. They have a specialized digestive system that allows them to extract nutrients from tough and fibrous vegetation. However, they are also known to browse on leaves, shoots, and fruits of certain trees and shrubs when grass is scarce. Their ability to feed on both grass and browse contributes to their adaptability in different habitats.
Reproduction:
Waterbucks have a polygynous mating system, where dominant males establish territories and mate with multiple females within their territory. Breeding can occur throughout the year, but there is often a peak during the rainy season when food resources are abundant. After a gestation period of around 8 months, females give birth to a single calf. The newborns are well-developed and able to stand and walk shortly after birth. They remain hidden in vegetation for the first few weeks of their lives before joining the herd.
Conservation Status:
Waterbucks are generally considered to be of least concern in terms of conservation status according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Their wide distribution across sub-Saharan Africa and adaptability to various habitats contribute to their relatively stable population. However, localized threats such as habitat loss due to human activities, poaching for meat or trophies, and competition with livestock can impact local populations.
 These can be seen in Murchison Falls National Park, Queen Elizabeth National Park and Lake Mburo National Park.